Identification and prevalence of fungi causing charcoal rot in oak forests of Iran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Tarbiat Modares University

2 Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O.B. 14115-336, Tehran, Iran

3 Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands

4 Plant Protection Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran

5 Tarbiat modares University

Abstract

Oaks (Quercus) are among the most important trees found in forests Iran and rest of the world. Over the last decade, oak charcoal disease (OCD) has become more common in numerous forest areas in the Zagros and Hyrcanian regions, largely due to reduced rainfall and multiple droughts. This disease causes local or systemic necrosis, wilting, and even death of infected oak trees within one or more years. In addition, there is a complex interaction between trees and biotic and abiotic environmental factors. This study was conducted in 2020-2021 on oak trees in seven provinces of the country, namely Khuzestan, Ilam, Lorestan, Kurdistan, Khuzestan, Isfahan and Golestan, to analyze and determine the current status of oak trees in terms of OCD and the causative fungal pathogens. For this purpose, samples of infected oak trees were collected and then the causal agents of the disease isolated and identified morphologically. Detection of the samples was confirmed by sequencing the fungal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and ß-tubulin gene. The results showed that the most prevalent fungal pathogens of OCD in the samples were Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Obolarina persica. The prevalence of these fungi in the studied provinces varied, with the highest prevalence of B. mediterranea in Lorestan and the highest prevalence of O. persica in Ilam. The results of this study complemented the existing relatively limited data on the prevalence of each fungal pathogen of OCD in different provinces. In addition, the current status of oak infection in each of the studied regions was clarified.

Keywords

References

Anselmi N., Mazzaglia A. & Vannini A. 2000. The role of endophytes in oak decline. In, A. Ragazzi and I. Dellavalle (Eds). Decline of oak species in Italy, Accademia Italiana de Scienze Forestali, Firenze. Italy, 131-144.
Ashrafi J., Hosseini A., Hosseinzadeh J. and Mirabolfathy M. 2018. Investigation on oak charcoal disease in dieback affected forests of Ilam province. Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research 16(1): 1-12, In Persian with English Summary.
Balbalian C. and Henn A. 2014. The Plant Doctor, Biscogniauxia (Hypoxylon) Dieback of Oaks. Mississippi State University Extension Service. Available at, https//extension.msstate.edu/publications/information-sheets/. the-plant-doctor-biscogniauxia hypoxylon-dieback-oaks.
Blumenstein K. 2010. Characterization of endophytic fungi in the genus Ulmus: putative agents for the biocontrol of Dutch elm disease (DED). Diploma thesis, University of Kassel, Germany.
Campanile G., Ruscelli A. and Luisi N. 2007. Antagonistic activity of endophytic fungi towards Diplodia corticola was assessed in vitro and in planta tests. European Journal of Plant Pathology 117: 237-246.
Capretti P. and Battisti A. 2007. Water stress and insect defoliation promote the colonization of Quercus cerris by the fungus Biscogniauxia mediterranea. Forest Pathology 37: 129-135.
Collado J., Platas G., Pelaez F. 2001. Identification of an endophytic Nodulisporium sp. from Quercus ilex in central Spain as the anamorph of Biscogniauxia mediterranea by rDNA sequence analysis and effect of different ecological factors on distribution of the fungus. Mycologia 93: 875e886.
Desprez-Loustau M., Robin C., Reynaud G., Deque M., Badeau V., Piou D., Husson, C. and Marcais B. 2007. Simulating the effects of a climate-change scenario on the geographical range and activity of forest-pathogenic fungi. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 29 (2): 101-120.
Farashi A., Shariati M. and Hosseini M. 2017. Identifying biodiversity hotspots for threatened mammal species in Iran. Mammalian Biology 87: 71-88.
Fortini P., Viscosi V., Maiuro L., Fineschi S. and Vendramin G.G. 2009. Comparative leaf surface morphology and molecular data of five oaks of subgenus Quercus oerst (Fagaceae). Plant Biosystems 143: 543-554.
Getachew G., Tesfaye A. and Kassahun T. 2014. Evaluation of disease incidence and severity and yield loss of finger millet varieties and mycelial growth inhibition of Pyricularia grisea isolates using biological antagonists and fungicides in vitro condition. Journal of Applied Biosciences 73: 5883-5901.
Ghanbary E., Kouchaksaraeia M. T., Zarafsharb M., Baderc K.M., Mirabolfathy M. and Ziaei M. 2020. Differential physiological and biochemical responses of Quercus infectoria and Q. libani to drought and charcoal disease. Physiologia Plantarum 168(4):876-892.
Ghasemi-Esfahlan S., Arzanlou M., and Babai-Ahari A. 2016. Detection of Biscogniauxia mediterranea, the causal agent of charcoal rot disease on oak trees in Arasbaran forests and evaluation of its pathogenicity on oak under glasshouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 52 (2): 217-230. In Persian with English Summary.
Glass N.L. and Donaldson G.C. 1995. Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61(4): 1323-30. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.4.1323-1330.1995.
Hansen E. and Delatour C. 1999. Phytophthora species in oak forests of north-east France. Annals of Forest Science 56: 539-547.
Henriques J., Nóbrega F., Sousa E. and Lima A. 2014. Diversity of Biscogniauxia mediterranea within single stromata on cork oak. Journal of Mycology volume 2014: 1-5.
Jazireii M. H. and Ebrahimi M. 2003. Zagros Forest Ecology. The University of Tehran Press, 558pp.
Jozeyan A., Vafaei Shoshtari R. and Askari H. 2016. Investigation of oak woodpecker beetles and their natural enemies in the forests of Ilam province. Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research 14: 107-121.
Ju Y. M. and Rogers J. D. 1996. A revision of the genus Hypoxylon. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA. 365p.
Ju Y. M. and Rogers J. D. 2001. New and interesting Biscogniauxia taxa, with a key to the world species. Mycological Research 105: 1123-1133.
Kazemzadeh-Chakusary M., Mohammadi H. and Sohrabi M. 2020. Occurrence and pathogenicity of Jattaea algeriensis (Calosphaeriales, Calosphaeriaceae) and Biscogniauxia mediterranea on forest trees in Guilan Province (Iran). Journal of Phytopathology 2020: 1–10.
La Porta N., Capretti P., Thomsen I. M., Kasanen R., Hietala A. M. and Von Weissenberg K. 2008. Forest pathogens with higher damage potential due to climate change in Europe. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 30 (2): 177­-195.
Li H.Y., Wei D.Q., Shen M. and Zhou J.P. 2012. Endophytes and their role in phytoremediation. Fungal Diversity 54:11–18.
Linaldeddu B.T., Sirca C., Spano D. and Franceschini A. 2011. Variation of endophytic cork oak-associated fungal communities in relation to plant health and water stress. Forest Pathology 41(3): 193-201.
Lovett G.M., Weiss M., Liebhold A.M., Holmes T.P., Leung B., Lambert K.F., Orwig D.A. 2016. Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States, Impacts and policy options. Ecological Applications 26: 1437-1455.
Mazzaglia A., Anselmi N., Gasbarri A., Vannini A. 2001. Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay for the specific detection of Biscogniauxia mediterranea living as an endophyte in oak tissue. Mycological Research 105: 952-956.
Mirabolfathy M. 2013. Outbreak of charcoal disease on Quercus spp. and Zelkova carpinifolia trees in forests of Zagros and Alborz mountains in Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 49: 77-79.
Mirabolfathy M., Groenewald J.Z. and Crous P.W. 2011. The occurrence of charcoal disease caused by Biscogniauxia mediterranea on chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia) in the Golestan Forests, North of Iran. Plant Disease Journal 95(7): 876-876.
Mirabolfathy M., Ju Y.M., Hsieh H.M., Rogers J.D. 2013. Obolarina persica sp. nov., associated with dying Quercus in Iran. Mycoscience 54: 315-320.
Ronquist F. and Huelsenbeck J.P. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.
Safaee D., Khodaparast S. A., Mirabolfathy M., Sheikholeslami M. 2017a. Some aspects of biology and host range of Biscogniauxia mediterranea, one of the causal agent of oak charcoal disease. Mycologia Iranica 4 (2): 121–129.
Safaee D., Khodaparast S.A., Mirabolfathy M., Mousanejad S. 2017b. A multiplex PCR‐based technique for identification of Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Obolarina persica causing charcoal disease of oak trees in Zagros forests. Forest Pathology 47: e12330.
Safaee D., Khodaparast S.A., Mirabolfathy M. and Mousanejad S. 2016. Relationship between dieback of Persian oak (Quercus brantii) and apparent and latent infection of Biscogniauxia mediterranea in Zagros forests. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 52 (4): 535-549. In Persian with English Summary.
Safaei N., Alizadeh A. Saidi, A. Rahimian, H. and Adam G. 2005. Molecular diagnosis and investigation of the genetic diversity of the Iranian population of Fusarium graminearum, the cause of wheat spike blight. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 41: 171-189. In Persian with English Summary.
Santini A., Ghelardini L., De Pace C., Desprez Loustau M.L., Capretti P., Chandelier A., Cech T. 2013. Biogeographical patterns and determinants of invasion by forest pathogens in Europe. New Phytologist 197: 238–250.
Sun X., Ding Q., Hyde K.D., Guo L.D. 2012. Community structure and preference of endophytic fungi of three woody plants in a mixed forest. Fungal Ecology 5 (5): 624-632.
Tamura K., Stecher G., Peterson D., Filipski A. and Kumar S. 2013. MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30(12): 2725–2729.
Vannini A., Lucero G., Anselmi N. and Vettraino A.M. 2009. Response of endophytic Biscogniauxia mediterranea to variation in leaf water potential of Quercus cerris. Forest Pathology 39 (1): 8-14.
Vannini A., Mazzaglia A. and Anselmi N. 1999. Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for detection of genetic variation and proof of the heterothallic mating system in Hypoxylon mediterraneum. European Journal of Forest Pathology 29 (3): 209-218.
Yangui I., Zouaoui Boutiti M., Ben Jamaâ M. L., Vettraino A. M., Vannini A., and Messaoud C. 2020. Trichoderma biocontrol of Biscogniauxia mediterranea: Variation in responses among genetically diverse isolates. Integrated Protection in Oak Forests IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 152: 154-157.
Zamani M., Mirabolfathy M. and Alizadeh Aliabadi A. 2023. Epidemic of emerging diseases in forest ecosystems: Requirements and challenges to deal with them. Iran Nature 8(4): 39-47. doi: 10.22092/irn.2023.129989.
Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology
Volume 59, Issue 3
October 2024
Pages 235-251

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics